بسام الخوري
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المشاركات: 22,090
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rami makhlouf interview with new york times
May 10, 2011
Syrian Elite to Fight Protests to ‘the End’
By ANTHONY SHADID
DAMASCUS, Syria — Syria’s ruling elite, a tight-knit circle at the nexus of absolute power, loyalty to family and a visceral instinct for survival, will fight to the end in a struggle that could cast the Middle East into turmoil and even war, warned Syria’s most powerful businessman, a confidant and cousin of President Bashar al-Assad.
The frank comments by Rami Makhlouf, a tycoon who has emerged in the two-month uprising as a magnet for anger at the privilege that power brings, offered an exceedingly rare insight into the thinking of an opaque government, the prism through which it sees Syria, and the way it reaches decisions.
Troubled by the greatest threat to its four decades of rule, the ruling family, he suggested, has conflated its survival with the existence of the minority sect that views the protests not as legitimate demands for change but rather as the seeds of civil war.
“If there is no stability here, there’s no way there will be stability in Israel,” he said in an interview Monday that lasted more than three hours. “No way, and nobody can guarantee what will happen after, God forbid, anything happens to this regime.”
Asked if it was a warning or a threat, Mr. Makhlouf demurred. “I didn’t say war,” he said. “What I’m saying is don’t let us suffer, don’t put a lot of pressure on the president, don’t push Syria to do anything it is not happy to do.”
His words cast into the starkest terms a sentiment the government has sought to cultivate — us or chaos — and it underlined the tactics of a ruling elite that has manipulated the ups and downs of a tumultuous region to sustain an overriding goal: its own survival.
Though the uprising has yet to spread to Syria’s two largest cities — Damascus, the capital, seemingly tranquil, and Aleppo, a key conservative bastion, has been relatively quiet — the protests have unfurled in Damascus’s suburbs and across much of the rest of the country, building on longstanding neglect of the countryside and anger at corrupt and unaccountable security forces. While the government offered tentative concessions early on, it has since carried out a ferocious crackdown, killing hundreds, arresting thousands and besieging four cities.
“The decision of the government now is that they decided to fight,” Mr. Makhlouf said.
But even if it prevails, the uprising has demonstrated the weakness of a dictatorial government that once sought to draw legitimacy from a notion of Arab nationalism, a sprawling public sector that created the semblance of a middle class and services that delivered electricity to the smallest towns.
The government of Mr. Assad, though, is far different than that of his father, who seized power in 1970. A beleaguered state, shorn of ideology, can no longer deliver essential services or basic livelihood. Mr. Makhlouf’s warnings of instability and sectarian strife like Iraq’s have emerged as the government’s rallying cry, as it deals with a degree of dissent that its officials admit caught them by surprise.
Mr. Makhlouf, a childhood friend and first cousin of Mr. Assad, whose brother is the intelligence chief in Damascus, suggested that the ruling elite — staffed by Mr. Assad’s relatives and contemporaries — had grown even closer during the crisis. Though Mr. Assad has the final say, he said, policies were formulated as “a joint decision.”
“We believe there is no continuity without unity,” he said. “As a person, each one of us knows we cannot continue without staying united together.”
He echoed an Arabic proverb, which translated loosely, means that it will not go down alone.
“We will not go out, leave on our boat, go gambling, you know,” he said at his plush, wood-paneled headquarters in Damascus. “We will sit here. We call it a fight until the end.” He added later, “They should know when we suffer, we will not suffer alone.”
Mr. Makhlouf, just 41 and leery of the limelight, stands as both a strength and liability of Mr. Assad’s rule, and in the interview he was a study in contrasts — a feared and reviled businessmen who went to lengths to be hospitable and mild-mannered. To the government’s detractors, his unpopularity rivals perhaps only that of Mr. Assad’s brother, Maher, who commands the Republican Guard and the elite Fourth Division that has played a crucial role in the crackdown.
Mr. Makhlouf’s name was chanted in protests, and offices of his company, Syriatel, the country’s largest cellphone company, were burned in Dara’a, the poor town near the Jordanian border where the uprising began in mid-March.
The American government, which imposed sanctions on him in 2008, has accused him of manipulating the judicial system and using Syrian intelligence to intimidate rivals. The European Union said Tuesday that Mr. Makhlouf was among more than a dozen Syrians who were subject to sanctions.
Asked why he believed he was the target of sanctions, he said: “Because the president is my cousin, or I’m the cousin of the president. Full stop.” He suggested that anger at him arose from jealousy and longstanding suspicions that he served as the family’s banker.
“Maybe they are worried about using this money to support the regime,” he said. “I don’t know. Maybe. But the regime has the whole government, they don’t need me.”
He said he was aware of the anger, but called it “the price I have to pay.”
Mr. Makhlouf represents broader changes afoot in the country. His very wealth points to the shifting constellation of power in Syria, as the old alliance of Sunni Muslim merchants and officers from Mr. Makhlouf’s Alawite clan gives way to descendants of those officers benefiting from lucrative deals made possible by reforms that have dismantled the public sector.
He serves as an instrument, too, in Mr. Assad’s vision of economic modernization, where Syria serves as a crossroads of regional trade and a hub for oil and gas pipelines that link Iraq and the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean and Europe. Cham Holdings, a vast conglomerate with a portfolio of $2 billion, in which Mr. Makhlouf owns a quarter of the shares outright, is at the forefront of that faltering scheme.
Turkey’s recent anger at Syria’s crackdown has fed feelings of betrayal in the government because Turkey was viewed as a centerpiece in that vision. Concerns are growing, too, over the uprising’s economic impact, deepened by Syria’s growing isolation and flight of capital — a legacy that may very well prove more threatening to the government than the protests.
Mr. Makhlouf suggested that economic reform would stay primary.
“This is a priority for Syrians,” he said. “We have to ask for economic reform before speaking about political reform.” He acknowledged that change had come late and limited. “But if there is some delay,” he added, “it’s not the end of the world.”
He warned the alternative — led by what he described as Salafists, the government’s name for Islamists — would mean war at home and perhaps abroad.
“We won’t accept it,” he said. “People will fight against them. Do you know what this means? It means catastrophe. And we have a lot of fighters.”
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05-11-2011, 01:14 PM |
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بسام الخوري
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المشاركات: 22,090
الانضمام: Feb 2004
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الرد على: rami makhlouf interview with new york times
The New York Times
April 30, 2011
Syrian Businessman Becomes Magnet for Anger and Dissent
By ANTHONY SHADID
BEIRUT, Lebanon — When protests erupted in March in the forlorn Syrian border town of Dara’a, demonstrators burned the president’s portraits, then set ablaze an unlikely target: the local office of the country’s largest mobile phone company, Syriatel, whose owner sits at the nexus of anger and power in a restive country.
Syriatel is owned by Rami Makhlouf, first cousin and childhood friend of President Bashar al-Assad and the country’s most powerful businessman. In the past decade, he has emerged as a strength and a liability of a government that finds its bastions of support shrinking and a figure to watch as Mr. Assad’s inner circle tries to deal with protests shaking his family’s four decades of rule.
Leery of the limelight, he is alternatively described as the Assad family’s banker or Mr. Five Percent (or 10, or whatever share gets the deal done). His supporters praise him for his investment in Syria, but they are far outnumbered by detractors, who have derided him in protests as a thief or worse. Sometimes more than Mr. Assad himself, he has become the lightning rod of dissent.
“We’ll say it clearly,” went a chant in Dara’a. “Rami Makhlouf is robbing us.”
Egypt had Ahmed Ezz, the steel magnate who favored tight Italian suits (and now faces trial in white prison garb). In Tunisia, it was Leila Traboulsi, the hairdresser who became the president’s wife, then a symbol of the extravagance of the ruling family. Mr. Makhlouf, 41, is Syria’s version, a man at the intersection of family privilege, clan loyalty, growing avarice and, perhaps most dangerously, the yawning disconnect between ruler and ruled that already reshaped authoritarian Syria even before the protests.
Like Mr. Ezz in Egypt, he has become a symbol of how economic reforms turned crony socialism into crony capitalism, making the poor poorer and the connected rich fantastically wealthier.
“A huge liability,” was how a Syrian analyst described him.
“On the economic side, he really symbolizes what the people hate about the regime,” said the analyst, who asked not to be named. “They hate the security services and they hate Rami Makhlouf. On the economic side, Rami symbolizes the very worst about the way the country is run.”
An e-mail sent to Mr. Makhlouf’s company on Saturday, asking for comment, went unanswered. Calls to the headquarters seeking comment were not answered Saturday.
The origins of Mr. Makhlouf’s wealth mirror the consolidation of the Assad family’s rule over Syria. Mr. Assad’s father, Hafez, a former air force commander who took power in 1970 and soon forged an alliance between officers like him from the Alawite minority and Sunni Muslim businessmen in Damascus, the capital, offered privileges to his wife’s family, the Makhloufs. Mr. Makhlouf inherited the mantle, while his brother, Hafez, went into the other family business — state security — taking over as intelligence chief in Damascus.
“Together they make quite a duo,” an Obama administration official said.
Though prominent even before Mr. Assad’s ascent in 2000, Mr. Makhlouf grew even wealthier as he and Egyptian partners won one of two mobile phone contracts. (The partners were eventually forced to sell.) Syriatel has about 55 percent of the market, Syrian economists say. As the reforms moved Syria away from a state-led economy, he penetrated the economy’s most lucrative sectors — real estate, transport, banking, insurance, construction and tourism — and his interests run from a five-star hotel in Damascus to duty-free shops at airports and the border. He is the vice chairman and, Syrian analysts say, the real power in Cham Holding, which was set up in 2007 with 73 investors and $360 million, in what seemed an attempt to tether wealthy Sunni businessmen to the government. It has effectively been charged with renovating Syria’s aging infrastructure, attracting Arab capital in another network of support for Mr. Assad’s rule.
Some praise him for the work, especially employees in Syriatel, whose sleek offices and good salaries make it the first choice of many young graduates for jobs.
“No one can say he spends his money in nightclubs with girls,” said a manager at Syriatel who only gave his first name, Muhammad. “He spends his time thinking how to build a new Syria. He is the ideal for Syrian youths as a successful businessmen.”
But many contend his success came by way of no-bid contracts and leverage with the force of the state behind it, where the government and his interests are merged. A former government adviser recalled Mr. Makhlouf’s father insisting on amendments to a banking law, even after it was passed by Parliament. (It was revised, he said.) The American government, which imposed sanctions on him in 2008, accused Mr. Makhlouf of manipulating the judicial system and using Syrian intelligence to intimidate his rivals.
“Everybody knows that you can’t do anything without him,” said Amr Al Azm, a Syria expert and professor at Shawnee State University in Ohio. “He has his fingers in so many pies. Anything you want to do you partner with him, or you give him a share.”
In a country where criticism of Mr. Assad himself was long taboo, Syriatel became an early proxy for protest under his rule, much of which centered on the government’s failure to profit from the sale of its license.
Riad Seif, an opposition member of Parliament, criticized what he called irregularities in the phone licenses and was soon arrested and imprisoned. So was Aref Dalila, another dissident. Rami Nakhle, an activist who fled Syria for Lebanon in January, began an Internet campaign to boycott Syriatel in 2008 over its high fees. They urged people to switch off their phones for four hours on the first day of the month. An online petition that he and other young activists circulated received 5,000 signatures.
“We were touching Rami Makhlouf but not naming him,” Mr. Nakhle said. “We were doing something political but in a way that we thought was safe.”
His efforts were humbled when the mother of one of his friends figured out what they were doing. She smashed her son’s laptop, Mr. Nakhle recalled, and barred him from the Internet for a month. “Do you want to disappear?” he recalled her asking her son.
Like Mr. Ezz’s place in Egypt, Mr. Makhlouf’s profile illustrates deeper changes in Syria that have made the uprisings more than simply calls for individual rights.
Mr. Assad’s father was famous for his ability to hold together disparate elements of the country, most remarkably in 1982, when merchants in Damascus sided with the government in its brutal suppression of an Islamist revolt that culminated with the killing of at least 10,000 people in the central city of Hama.
Since then, the tacit understanding that underlined his rule — Alawite officers and Sunni merchants — has weakened, as the sons and grandsons of those Alawite officers enter business. Administration officials and economists say there are growing indications that support of the traditional Sunni commercial elite has begun to falter, too.
Joshua Landis, a professor of Middle East studies at the University of Oklahoma, called Mr. Makhlouf “the tendons that reach out to the new capitalist class that was empowered.”
But others see him as more divisive, emblematic of a state that once brought electricity to every town but, as in Egypt, can no longer afford the social contract of taking care of its people’s needs. As that falters, figures like Mr. Makhlouf grow richer, alienating the traditional elite and people who view him as a symbol of injustice.
“Ideologically the regime doesn’t stand for much anymore beyond the interests of certain individuals,” said Nadim Houry, a researcher with Human Rights Watch in Beirut. “ He’s a symbol of what is perceived as private interests controlling large chunks of Syria’s economy.”
Even some sympathetic to the government have speculated whether Mr. Makhlouf might be sacrificed in an attempt to preserve the government, as Mr. Ezz was early on. But, others note, Mr. Ezz never had the ties of blood and clan that matter so much in Mr. Assad’s Syria.
“Right now, they will do anything to hang on to power,” the Obama administration official said. “That might lead them to do something, kick Rami aside, but I don’t see it going there quite yet.”
The official added: “At the end of the day, they’re family.”
قال رجل الأعمال السوري رامي مخلوف أن النخبة الحاكمة في سورية، والحلقة الضيقة التي في السلطة، سوف تقاتل حتى النهاية في معركة يمكن أن تلقي بالشرق الأوسط في اضطرابات وفي فوضى.
ونقلت صحيفة نيويورك تايمز الأميركية عن مخلوف قوله أن النخبة الحاكمة في سورية باتت أكثر قرباً وتماسكاً خلال الأزمات. وإن كان للسيد الرئيس الكلمة النهائية، إلا أنه وبحسب مخلوف فالسياسات تصاغ عبر ما أسماه "قرار مشترك"
الصحيفة التي أجرت مع مخلوف حواراً مطولاً يوم الاثنين في دمشق، وصفت أحاديثه وتعليقاته بأنها فرصة نادرة للتبصر في كيفية تفكير حكم غير شفاف.
ولفت الصحيفة تعليق لمخلوف يقول فيه: "إن غاب الاستقرار لدينا هنا، فلا مجال لوجود استقرار في اسرائيل"
وفي حديثه عن النخبة الحاكمة أيضا، قال مخلوف: نحن نعتقد أننا لا يمكننا الاستمرار بدون وحدتنا… من دون أن نبقى معاً. وقالت الصحيفة أنه ردد المثل العربي الذي يعني بأن من يسقط لن يسقط وحده.
وأضاف مخلوف مؤكداً الاستمرار في المعركة: "نحن لن نغادر ونترك القارب، لن نقامر… سنجلس هنا، نحن نسميها معركة حتى النهاية. وعليهم أن يعلموا أنه حينما نعاني، لن نعاني لوحدنا.
وقالت الصحيفة أن مخلوف أشار إلى أن العائلة الحاكمة (وفق تعبير الصحيفة) قد دمجت بين بقائها وبين وجود الأقلية الطائفية التي تنظر إلى المحتجين ليس كدعاة مطالب مشروعة بالتغيير، بل كبذور لحرب أهلية.
وأشار كاتب المقال أنطوني شديد إلى أن الحكومة الأميركية التي فرضت عقوبات على مخلوف عام 2008، اتهمته بالتلاعب في النظام القضائي، واستخدام الاستخبارات السورية لترهيب منافسيه. لكن حين سأله عن سبب معاقبته من قبل أميركا قال مخلوف: لأن الرئيس ابن عمتي، أو لأني ابن خال الرئيس… وحول غضب المحتجين أو الغضب الشعبي منه أوضح مخلوف ان مرده إلى الغيرة، أو الشكوك منذ فترة طويلة بأنه يعمل كمصرفي لصالح العائلة. في إشارة إلى النخبة الحاكمة في سورية.
واستطرد مخلوف قائلاً: "ربما هم قلقون من استخدام هذه الأموال لدعم النظام… انا لا أعرف، ربما، لكن النظام لديه الحكومة كلها ولا حاجه له بي. لكن مخلوف بدا متقبلاً لهذا الغضب حينما قال لمراسل الصحيفة أنه يعي تماماً أن الغضب تجاهه بمثابة ثمن عليه أن يدفعه.
وهنا وصفت الصحيفة مخلوف بأنه ليس مجرد رمز للغضب، بل يمثل أيضاً التغييرات الواسعة التي جرت في السنوات الأخيرة في سورية. فبعد أن ساد تحالف قديم بين التجار من المسلمين السنة وبين الضباط من الطائفة العلوية، يعطي مخلوف اليوم وسيلة لأحفاد هؤلاء الضباط للاستفادة من الصفقات المربحة بفضل إصلاحات اقتصادية تفكك القطاع العام، حسب وصف الصحيفة. ورأى الكاتب من خلال حديثه مع مخلوف أيضاً أن التهديد الذي يواجه دمشق من النتائج الاقتصادية للاحتجاجات ومن العزلة التي تفرض عليها، وهروب رؤوس الأموال، يفوق التهديد الذي واجه الحكومة من الاحتجاجات نفسها.
ونقل الكاتب عن مخلوف أن الإصلاح الاقتصادي سيبقى الأولوية في سورية، مشيراً إلى أنه "أولوية السوريين"، الذين طلبوا الإصلاح الاقتصادي قبل الحديث عن الإصلاح السياسي.
واعترف مخلوف بحسب الصحيفة أن التغيير أتى متأخراً ومحدوداً. لكنه أضاف أنه إن كان حدث بعض التأخير فهذا ليس نهاية العالم. وحذر مخلوف من أن البديل يعني الحرب في الداخل وربما في الخارج أيضاً.
وأضاف مخلوف في نهاية اللقاء، إننا لن نقبل ذلك… الناس سيقاتلون ضدهم. هل تعرف ماذا يعني هذا؟ إنه يعني الكارثة. ونحن لدينا الكثير من المقاتلين.
رامي مخلوف وتصريحاته المفاجئة
رأي القدس
فاجأنا السيد رامي مخلوف رجل الاعمال السوري، وابن خال الرئيس بشار الاسد بالتصريحات التي ادلى بها الى صحيفة 'نيويورك تايمز'، وقال فيها انه 'لن يكون هناك استقرار في اسرائيل اذا لم يكن هناك استقرار في سورية'.
مصدر المفاجأة ان مثل هذا الربط، الذي لجأ الى مثله العقيد الليبي معمر القذافي، لا يمكن ان يخدم النظام السوري الذي يفترض ان ينتمي اليه السيد مخلوف، وجرى وضعه على رأس قائمة العقوبات الامريكية المفروضة على مجموعة من المسؤولين السوريين المتهمين بلعب دور كبير في تنفيذ سياسة القمع الدموي التي استخدمت لمواجهة الانتفاضة السورية.
الورقة الاقوى في يد السلطات السورية كانت تتمثل في كونها دولة ممانعة تدعم المقاومة في كل من لبنان وفلسطين، وتتصدى للمشروع الاستيطاني التوسعي الاسرائيلي، ومثل هذه التصريحات ربما تخدم الكثيرين الذين يشككون في هذا الطرح، وتضعف الكثيرين في المقابل الذين يدافعون عن سورية بحماسة بسبب هذا الطرح ايضاً.
استقرار سورية لا يمكن ان يكون مرتبطاً باستقرار اسرائيل، بل هو نقيضه تماماً، لان اسرائيل التي تحتل الاراضي العربية، وبما فيها هضبة الجولان السورية، والمقدسات الاسلامية والمسيحية في القدس المحتلة يجب ان لا تنعم بالامن والاستقرار، سواء استقرت سورية او لم تستقر، واذا كان هناك تهديد للاستقرار والامن السوريين فهو يأتي من اسرائيل نفسها، ومؤامراتها، وليس من ابناء الشعب السوري الذين يمارسون حقهم الطبيعي في المطالبة بالاصلاح الديمقراطي، وما يتفرع عنه من حريات، وشفافية واحترام لحقوق الانسان والقضاء العادل المستقل.
فالاسرائيليون هم الذين اغاروا على المفاعل النووي الوليد قرب دير الزور، وهم الذين اغتالوا الشهيد عماد مغنية قائد الجناح العسكري لحزب الله، واللواء محمد سليمان احد ابرز العقول السورية الامنية والشخص الذي قيل انه يقف خلف الطموحات السورية النووية. ولا ننسى الغارات الاسرائيلية على منطقة عين الصاحب تحت ذريعة وجود قاعدة لتدريب قوات المقاومة، والامثلة في هذا المضمار عديدة لا يتسع المجال لذكرها جميعاً.
الغرب عادى ويعادي سورية، ويفرض الحصار عليها لانها رفضت مشاريع الهيمنة الامريكية في المنطقة، والغزو الامريكي للعراق وغضت النظر عن توجه المقاومين عبر حدودها الى العراق المحتل، مثلما دعمت حزب الله في لبنان في مواجهة العدوان الاسرائيلي صيف عام 2006.
ان يدافع السيد مخلوف عن النظام الذي فتح امامه ابواب الرزق حتى كون ثروته الهائلة، فهذا امر منطقي ومتوقع، لكن ان يقع في الخطأ نفسه الذي وقع فيه الزعيم الليبي معمر القذافي حتى لو كان ذلك من خلال زلة لسان، او لعدم التبصر بالامر، نتيجة لعدم الخبرة في السياسة، فهذا امر ربما تترتب عليه عواقب غير محمودة، خاصة اذا جاء هذا الربط غير الموفق بين الاستقرارين السوري والاسرائيلي مرفوقاً بالعزم على مواصلة الحرب ضد ابناء الشعب السوري المنتفضين من اجل الحرية والعدالة والاصلاحات الديمقراطية.
(تم إجراء آخر تعديل على هذه المشاركة: 05-11-2011, 07:32 PM بواسطة بسام الخوري.)
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05-11-2011, 07:24 PM |
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بسام الخوري
Super Moderator
المشاركات: 22,090
الانضمام: Feb 2004
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الرد على: rami makhlouf interview with new york times
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05-11-2011, 09:34 PM |
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