zaidgalal
عضو رائد
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المشاركات: 4,570
الانضمام: Jan 2005
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شبهة مخطوطة سمرقند (طشقند) والخط الكوفي
الزميل أبا عاصم
تحياتي لشخصك الكريم
تعال نقرأ في الرابط التالي:
www.islamic-awareness.orgQuranTextMssindex.html
The Qur'anic Manuscripts
There has been a polemic going on that the Qur'an does not have manuscripts from the first century of hijra. However, this is not true. Many fragments of early Qur'anic manuscripts were shown by Orientalists notably Nabia Abbott in her work The Rise of the North Arabic script and its Kur'anic development, with a full description of the Kur'an manuscripts in the Oriental Institute (1939, University of Chicago Press). There she discusses some of the Quranic manuscripts, dated from second half of the first century hijra onwards, at the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago.
مخطوطات القرآن الكريم
يدعي البعض أنه ليس للقرآن الكريم مخطوطات من القرن الأول الهجري. إلا أن هذا الزعم غير صحيح. فقد عرضت كثير من أجزاء من مخطوطات القرآن الكريم من قِبَلِ المستشرقين خاصة Nabia Abbott "نوبيا أبوت" في كتابها "ظهور الخط العربي الشمالي وتطوره القرآني" وبه وصف كامل لمخطوطات القرآن الكريم في معهد الاستشراق (1939، جامعة شيكاغو). وقد ناقشت بعض مخطوطات القرآن الكريم التي ترجع إلى النصف الثاني من القرن الهجري الأول وما بعده في معهد الاستشراق جامعة شيكاغو. .
The dig at the Great Mosque in San`a', Yemen, had found a large number of manuscripts of the Qur'an dating from first century of hijra. The date of building the Great Mosque in San`a' goes back to 6th year of hijra when the Prophet(P) entrusted one of his companions to build a mosque. The mosque was extended and enlarged by Islamic rulers from time to time. In 1385 H/1965 CE heavy rains fell on San`a'. The Great Mosque was affected and the ceiling in the north west corner was damaged. During the survey, the workers discovered a large vault full of parchment and paper manuscripts of both the Qur'an and non-Qur'anic material.
The UNESCO, an arm of the United Nations, had compiled a CD containing some of the dated San`a' manuscripts as a part of "Memory of the World" programme. In this CD there are more than 40 Qur'anic manuscripts which are dated from 1st century of hijra, one of them belonging to early 1st century. More than 45 manuscripts have been dated from the period 1st / 2nd century of hijra. We will be showing only a few examples below.
A few more examples of the 1st and 1st / 2nd century Qur'anic manuscripts can be found in the book Masahif San`a' (1985, Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah). This book is a catalogue of an exhibition at the Kuwait National Museum, with articles by Hussa Sabah Salim al-Sabah, G. R. Puin, M. Jenkins, U. Dreibholz in both Arabic and English. It is expected that the San`a' manuscripts will throw a great deal of light on the early Islamic history of calligraphy and illumination and even the various ahruf (they were seven) in which the Qur'an was revealed.
A few words of caution concerning the dating of the Qur'anic manuscripts need to be mentioned. It is to be remembered that assigning a date to an undated early Qur'anic manuscript is rarely simple especially in the absence of Wakf marking. There is a tendency to assume that those in large scripts and without vowels are of the earliest date. This assumption, true to some extent, is nevertheless misleading in two respects. It ignores that fact that small as well as large masahif of the Qur'an were among the earliest written and that both types continued to be written thereafter. Though the assumption that manuscripts with the vowels must be considered later than those without is true in some cases, it is not always so, for some very early manuscripts of the Qur'an, originally written without vowels, may well have been voweled later. Furthermore, the first vowel system came into use shortly after the first masahif were written. There are also examples of later masahif which were unvoweled even after 3 centuries after hijra!
As a matter of caution, we stress the fact that we are only showing a single leaf of the manuscripts in the cases below. A manuscript may contain additional Surahs. The reader is advised to go through the references for additional information
www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/Mss/museum.html#tgm
The Great Mosque of San`a', established in 6th year of hijra when the Prophet(P) entrusted one of his companions to build a mosque. It is considered to be the first mosque in Yemen and among the oldest in Islamic world. The mosque was extended and enlarged by Islamic rulers from time to time. The manuscript collection (ca. 7,000) of the Great Mosque is housed in three libraries in the mosque complex. The first to be established was Al-Maktaba al-Sharqiya which was completed during the reign of al-Imam Yahya Hamid al-Din (1904-1948). The second to be established was Al-Maktaba al-Gharbiya which houses the manuscripts and books of Al-Hay'a al-`Âmma li-l-Âthar wa Dur al-Kutub. Both these libraries are located in the southern side of the msoque. The Maktabat al-Awqaf, the main modern library, is housed on the second floor in the new three-story building of the Great Mosque of San`a'. It contains some of the rarest Islamic manuscripts in the world, including rare manuscripts of the Qur'an. Subjects include theology, jurisprudence, Qur'anic sciences, tafsir, terminology of hadith, sirah, sciences of the Arabic langauge, lexicography, literature, poetry, history, politics, philosophy, logic, astronomy, mathematics, medicine and agriculture. Among the manuscripts in the collection is a copy of the Qur'an reputed to be in the handwriting of Al-Imam `Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Zayd Ibn Thabit and Salman al-Farsi, in two parts, each of 150 pages, in large unpointed Kufic script.
In 1385 H/1965 CE heavy rains fell on San`a'. The Great Mosque was affected and the ceiling in the north west corner was damaged. During the survey, the workers discovered a large vault full of parchment and paper manuscripts of both the Qur'an and non-Qur'anic material. The dig at the Great Mosque in San`a', Yemen, had found a large number of manuscripts of the Qur'an dating from first century of hijra.
The UNESCO, an arm of the United Nations, had compiled a CD containing some of the dated San`a' manuscripts as a part of "Memory of the World" programme. In this CD there are more than 40 Qur'anic manuscripts which are dated from 1st century of hijra (in both Hijazi and Kufic scripts), one of them belonging to early 1st century. More than 45 manuscripts have been dated from the period 1st / 2nd century of hijra. A few examples of the manuscripts from 1st, 1st/2nd, 2nd and 2nd/3rd centuries of hijra can be seen at this website.
A few more examples of the 1st and 1st / 2nd century Qur'anic manuscripts from San`a' can be found in the book Masahif San`a'. This book is a catalogue of an exhibition at the Kuwait National Museum, with articles by Hussa Sabah Salim al-Sabah, G. R. Puin, M. Jenkins, U. Dreibholz in both Arabic and English. World Survey Of Islamic Manuscripts covers the catalogue of manuscripts at the Great Mosque published in various books.
[1] Memory Of The World: San`a' Manuscripts, CD-ROM Presentation, UNESCO.
[2] Masahif San`a', 1985, Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah, Kuwait.
[3] Geoffrey Roper (ed.), World Survey Of Islamic Manuscripts, 1992, Volume III, Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, London, p.p. 664-667.
www.islamic-awareness.orgQuranTextMssindex.html
في هذا الرابط أعلاه اضغط على:
The Tashkent Manuscript.
"مصحف طشقند"
لتذهب بك إلى الرابط التالي (ولنفترض أنه الرابط الأصلي):
www.islamic-awareness.orgQuranTextMsssamarqand.html
لتقرأ فيه ما يلي:
Date
1st century of Hijra (perhaps!).
فهذه مخطوطة طشقند وترجع إلى القرن الأول الهجري.
ارجع إلى الرابط الأصلي واضغط على العنوان التالي لما سبق:
The Topkapi Manuscript.
"مصحف طوبكابي"
لتصل إلى الرابط التالي:
www.islamic-awareness.orgQuranTextMsstopkapi.html
لتقرأ ما يلي:
Date
1st century of hijra.
عد للرابط الأصلي واضغط على:
The Al-Hussein Mosque Manuscript
"مصحف مسجد الحسين"
ليصل بك إلى الرابط التالي:
www.islamic-awareness.orgQuranTextMsshussein.html
واقرأ:
The Qur'anic manuscript at the al-Hussein mosque in Cairo, written in large Arabic script, is perhaps the oldest of all the manuscripts, and is either `Uthmanic or an exact copy from the original with similarity to the Madinan script (A brief discussion about various Qur'anic manuscripts attributed to `Uthman is available here). This Qur'an has undergone restoration recently and below is a brief account of the restoration work.
هذا المصحف مكتوب بالخط العربي الكبير وربما هو أقدم المخطوطات كلها وإما أنه أحد المصاحف العثمانية أو أنه منسوخ من المصحف العثماني الأصلي. (أي انه يعود أيضًا للقرن الهجري الأول)
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شبهة مخطوطة سمرقند (طشقند) والخط الكوفي
