سمعا و طاعة يا زميلي هاك المراجع:
. :
ملاحظة, انا لست خبيرا في النحل و الازهارو لا اخفيك بان ما ذكرته انت هو ماكنت اعرفه انا ايضا و ما درسته في صف العلوم الطبيعية....

و لكن على ما يبدو - عندما بحثت في الموضوع معتمدا على اهم و احدث الابحاث في هذا الموضوع وجدت ان زهرة الاوركيد فعلا تشبه ملكة النحل, و ان ذكور النحل تزورها اعتمادا على مشابهتها للملكة...
اخترت لك دراستين علميتين من عدة وجدتها في قاعدة البيانات العلمية التي تتيحهالي الجامعة الامريكية -التي درست و اعمل بها- و هي تشمل جميع الدراسات العلمية التي تصدر في كل العالم و كل المجالات Expanded Academic International ASAP

اشتراكها بالمناسبة يبلغ بضع مئات الالاف من الدولارات في السنة


و المقالتين هما واحدة من اكسفورد بتاريخ حزيران 2005 و الاخرى بريطانية من ال Royal Society بتاريخ 2002
و الدراستان تذكران بان ذكور النحل تزور الزهرة بهدف العملية الجنسية.
فايا كان من زودك بالمعلومات فانا اعتقد بان مصادري موثوقة اكثر

اقتباس:AUB University Libraries
Expanded Academic ASAP Plus




—— Article 1 of 18 ——


Mark


Behavioral Ecology, Jan 2005 v16 i1 p159(10)
Relationship of visual and olfactory signal parameters in a food-deceptive flower mimicry system. Galizia C. Giovanni; Kunze Jan; Gumbert Andreas; Borg-Karlson Anna-Karin; Sachse Silke; Markl Christian; Menzel Randolf.
Abstract: Pollinators such as bees are attracted to flowers by their visual display and their scent. Although most flowers reinforce visits by providing pollen and/or nectar, there are species—notably from the orchid family—that do not but do resemble rewarding species. These mimicry relationships provide ideal opportunities for investigating the evolution of floral signals and their impact on pollinator behavior. Here, we have reanalyzed a case of specialized food mimicry between the orchid Orchis israelitica and its model, the lily Bellevalia flexuosa. Based on current knowledge of insect sensory physiology, we were able to characterize both the visual and olfactory signals of model and mimic, as well as of two phylogenetically related orchids. By using a color vision model, we mapped each species' visual signals to the perceptual space of honeybees and found an apparent shift of the mimic's visual signals towards the model. We confirm that visual mimicry is present. We analyzed the flower odors by using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. We related these signals to the perceptual space of the pollinators by testing the scent extracts physiologically, using in vivo brain imaging. We found no evidence of olfactory mimicry. The results indicate that evolutionary pressure acts on the visual, but not olfactory, traits of O. israelitica toward a higher similarity to its model. Apparently, odor mismatch does not prevent a bee from landing on a flower that has the expected visual display. The results therefore argue for the dominance of visual stimuli in short-distance flower choice. The orchid may still depend on long-distance olfactory attraction originating from neighboring model plants.

Keywords: flowers; mimicry; olfactory signals; Orchis israelitica; visual signals

Language: ENGLISH

Document Type: Research article

ISSN: 1045-2249

SICI (online): 1045-2249(20050101)16:1L.159;1-

Publisher:

Oxford University Press


Article CA126104408



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
View other articles linked to these subjects:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Flowers - Research
192 Periodical references
78 other subdivisions


Behavioral Ecology, Jan 1, 2005
other articles in this issue

اقتباس:AUB University Libraries
Expanded Academic ASAP Plus




[]—— Article 7 of 18 ——


Mark 7 full pages PDF available via your institutional subscription.


Proceedings: Biological Sciences, July 7, 2002 v269 i1498 p1389(7)
The potential for floral mimicry in rewardless orchids: an experimental study. B. Gigord L. D.; R. Macnair M.; M. Stritesky; A. Smithson.

Abstract: More than one-third of orchid species do not provide their pollinators with either pollen or nectar rewards. Floral mimicry could explain the maintenance of these rewardless orchid species, but most rewardless orchids do not appear to have a rewarding plant that they mimic specifically. We tested the hypothesis that floral mimicry can occur through similarity based on corolla colour alone, using naive bumble-bees foraging on arrays of plants with one rewarding model species, and one rewardless putative mimic species (Dactylorhiza sambucina) which had #

Keywords: POLLINATOR; BUMBLE-BEE; DACTYLORHIZA SAMBUCINA; VISITATION RATE

Language: ENGLISH

Document Type: Research article

ISSN: 0962-8452

SICI (online): 0962-8452(20020707)269:1498L.1389;1-

Publisher:

Royal Society


Article CA90588023

[/QUOTE]

مستعد للبحث اكثر في حال اقتضى الامر و توفر الوقت اللازم..