الحر
عضو رائد
المشاركات: 2,763
الانضمام: Mar 2006
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الحمض النووي واكتشاف السلالات البشرية
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عندي سؤال, هل هناك شيء من العشوائية في نتائج هذه الاختبارات. مثلا, هل يمكن لأخوين من أب واحد أن يكون لهما بعض الاختلاف في مقدار النتائج؟ ماهو مقدار التفاوت؟ و ماهي نسبة الخطأ المقدرة ؟
[/quote]
عشوائية في النتائج !!
اظنك تقصد عشوائية في العينات.
سوف احاول ان ابسط الامر .
فالتحور الجيني MUTATION يحدث بعد مرور ازمنة طويلة جدا والابناء يحملون وينقلون هذا التحور لابنائهم واحفادهم , وفي حال وجود تحور جيني في نفس الشخص فانه ينقله كذلك لابنائه, بمعنى ان الابناء سيحملون تحورين جينين عن السلالة HAPLOGROUP الاصلية ولكن بالفحص الجيني للشخص سنتمكن من معرفة السلالة التي ينحدر منها مع ملاحظة التحور الجيني الذي طرا عليه, ولكن لو اردنا ان ناخذ التحورات الجينية واين تحصل فيجب ان نتكلم ولو بشكل مبسط عن تركيبة الكروموزوم.
فالكروموزوم يكون على شكل خطين حلزونيين ملتفين على بعضهم البعض ويحتويان على السكر و الفوسفات ويربط بينهما عدد اربعة قواعد هم الادنين ADENINE ويرمز له بالحرف A والثيامين THYMINE ويرمز له بالحرف T والسيتوسين CYTOSINE ويرمز له بالحرف C واخيرا الجوانين GUANINE ويرمز له بالحرف G ودائما في الحالات الطبيعية يرتبط الادنين مع الثيامين يعني (A-T) و يرتبط السيسوتين مع الجوانين يعني (C-G) والكروموزوم يتكاثر بالانقسام, وهنا تحدث التحورات الجينية, حيث انه عند الانقسام المفروض ان يكرر الكروموزوم نفسه بكامل مكوناته بدون تغيير او اضافة, ولكن خطا في الانقسام قد يحدث ويسبب تحورا MUTATION
لاحظ المخطط:
وهكذا فان هذا التحور في الكروموزوم ينتقل للاجيال الاخرى لنفس الشخص ويسمى: Single nucleotide polymorphism ويكتب اختصارا snp وبهذه التحورات في الجينات ( ونحن نتكلم عن الكروموزوم الذكري ) تتكون لدينا المجموعات العرقية و تسمى هابلوجروب haplogroup ومن ثم عند حدوث تحورات جديدة تتفرع هذه المجاميع العرقية haplogroup الى فصائل وسلالات عرقية تسمى هابلوتايب haplotype فجدك الذي عاش قبل عشرة آلاف سنة مثلا له نفس العرقية haplogroup الذي تحمله انت اليوم , ولكن قد تختلف عنه في ال haplotype .
تحياتي
(تم إجراء آخر تعديل على هذه المشاركة: 08-27-2008, 12:02 AM بواسطة الحر.)
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08-26-2008, 11:56 PM |
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أبو إبراهيم
عضو رائد
المشاركات: 3,725
الانضمام: Mar 2004
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الحمض النووي واكتشاف السلالات البشرية
Array
عندي سؤال, هل هناك شيء من العشوائية في نتائج هذه الاختبارات. مثلا, هل يمكن لأخوين من أب واحد أن يكون لهما بعض الاختلاف في مقدار النتائج؟ ماهو مقدار التفاوت؟ و ماهي نسبة الخطأ المقدرة ؟
وجدت على الانترنت عرضا مغريا لفحص السلالة العرقية مع شرح تاريخي للأماكن الجغرافية التي استوطنها "الأجداد". سعر الفحص هو 99 دولار (بالاضافة الى سعر البريد) .و هو جزء من مشروع تقوم به ناشنال جيوغرافيك.
https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genogra...articipate.html
من يشارك؟ :)
تحياتي
[/quote]
يدفعون لنا أم ندفع لهم ؟ :duh:
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08-27-2008, 09:47 PM |
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سهيل
Homo Interneticus
المشاركات: 687
الانضمام: Mar 2006
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الحمض النووي واكتشاف السلالات البشرية
عزيزي الحر (f) شكرا على جهودك.
ربما كان سؤالي مبهما. وجدت المقالة التالية من الديلي تلغراف الانكليزية و هي تشير الى أن هذه الفحوص -حاليا- لا تعطي النتائج بدقة جيدة , و لا تزال العلاقة بين الجينات و توزع الأعراق غير واضحة . وهناك مثال فيها على أختبارات على أشخاص من الشرق الأوسط و من حوض البحر الابيض المتوسط و من الهند, وجدت أن لهم من فترة قريبة أجدادا من سكان أمريكا الأصليين !
One test they studied "finds evidence of recent Native American ancestry in many people from the Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean region of Europe,"
هذا هو المقال.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtm...sciances119.xml
The limits of gene ancestry tests
Last Updated: 6:01pm BST 19/10/2007
Some companies are making unreasonable claims about their power, reports Roger Highfield
A warning has been sounded about the limits of DNA tests that claim to reveal racial ancestry, by a panel of scientists and experts.
Researchers are concerned that consumers do not understand the limitations of commercial genetic ancestry tests that can fuel misconceptions about race and genetics.
advertisement
In Britain several tens of thousands of people have had their DNA tested, at a cost ranging from £50 to £500 while in America half a million people have been tested in the past six years.
Although these tests can identify related people who share a common maternal or paternal ancestor and also locations where people with genetic similarities are found today, they actually provide no information about most of the test-taker's ancestors, only look at a tiny fraction of their DNA, and can suffer false negatives and positives.
Most important, the DNA tests are silent on the issue of race, which has no scientific meaning.
Deborah Bolnick of the University of Texas, Austin, and colleagues explain in the journal Science that, though some researchers see these tests as merely "recreational genetics" or "vanity testing," the problems can be significant for the test-takers, who may hope to identify biological relatives, validate genealogical records and fill in gaps in their family histories. "Test-takers may reshape their personal identities, and they may suffer emotional distress if test results are unexpected or undesired."
Some are searching for a "homeland," which is particularly poignant for many African Americans, who hope to recapture a history stolen by slavery. But "since contemporary notions of race, ethnicity and identity reflect a tangled web of social and biological factors, it is problematic to assume that they can be determined by a genetic test."
"Consumers often purchase these tests to learn about their race or ethnicity, but there is no clear-cut connection between an individual's DNA and his or her racial or ethnic affiliation," says the paper.
One test they studied "finds evidence of recent Native American ancestry in many people from the Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean region of Europe," says Dr Bolnick. "Such a result is very surprising since there is no other evidence that Native Americans migrated to those regions in the recent past or had contact with the populations in those regions."
"Not all companies make clear the limitations and assumptions underlying these tests," Dr Bolnick added. "Because it is important for consumers to understand what the tests can and cannot tell them, we are encouraging professional genetic and anthropological associations to develop policy guidelines regarding genetic ancestry testing."
Prof Bryan Sykes of Oxford University, who leads the DNA testing company, Oxford Ancestors, uses two basic kinds of test (Y chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA) to trace male and female ancestry respectively, so people can trace relatives and geographical origins. "We have never had a serious complaint about people being upset about the results, in tens of thousands of tests," he said yesterday.
But he stressed that his company does not offer "racial profiling" because, as the Science paper points out, "these tests are based on scientifically invalid assumptions and we believe they can lead to potentially dangerous misunderstandings about racial purity."
He agreed with the conclusions of the paper and warned that the "myth" of pure races and ethnic groups "was exploited to the full by the Nazis."
تحياتي
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08-28-2008, 12:01 AM |
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الحر
عضو رائد
المشاركات: 2,763
الانضمام: Mar 2006
|
الحمض النووي واكتشاف السلالات البشرية
Array
One test they studied "finds evidence of recent Native American ancestry in many people from the Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean region of Europe,"
هذا هو المقال.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtm...sciances119.xml
The limits of gene ancestry tests
Last Updated: 6:01pm BST 19/10/2007
Some companies are making unreasonable claims about their power, reports Roger Highfield
A warning has been sounded about the limits of DNA tests that claim to reveal racial ancestry, by a panel of scientists and experts.
Researchers are concerned that consumers do not understand the limitations of commercial genetic ancestry tests that can fuel misconceptions about race and genetics.
advertisement
In Britain several tens of thousands of people have had their DNA tested, at a cost ranging from £50 to £500 while in America half a million people have been tested in the past six years.
Although these tests can identify related people who share a common maternal or paternal ancestor and also locations where people with genetic similarities are found today, they actually provide no information about most of the test-taker's ancestors, only look at a tiny fraction of their DNA, and can suffer false negatives and positives
Most important, the DNA tests are silent on the issue of race, which has no scientific meaning
Deborah Bolnick of the University of Texas, Austin, and colleagues explain in the journal Science that, though some researchers see these tests as merely "recreational genetics" or "vanity testing," the problems can be significant for the test-takers, who may hope to identify biological relatives, validate genealogical records and fill in gaps in their family histories. "Test-takers may reshape their personal identities, and they may suffer emotional distress if test results are unexpected or undesired."
Some are searching for a "homeland," which is particularly poignant for many African Americans, who hope to recapture a history stolen by slavery. But "since contemporary notions of race, ethnicity and identity reflect a tangled web of social and biological factors, it is problematic to assume that they can be determined by a genetic test."
"Consumers often purchase these tests to learn about their race or ethnicity, but there is no clear-cut connection between an individual's DNA and his or her racial or ethnic affiliation," says the paper.
One test they studied "finds evidence of recent Native American ancestry in many people from the Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean region of Europe," says Dr Bolnick. "Such a result is very surprising since there is no other evidence that Native Americans migrated to those regions in the recent past or had contact with the populations in those regions."
"Not all companies make clear the limitations and assumptions underlying these tests," Dr Bolnick added. "Because it is important for consumers to understand what the tests can and cannot tell them, we are encouraging professional genetic and anthropological associations to develop policy guidelines regarding genetic ancestry testing."
Prof Bryan Sykes of Oxford University, who leads the DNA testing company, Oxford Ancestors, uses two basic kinds of test (Y chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA) to trace male and female ancestry respectively, so people can trace relatives and geographical origins. "We have never had a serious complaint about people being upset about the results, in tens of thousands of tests," he said yesterday.
But he stressed that his company does not offer "racial profiling" because, as the Science paper points out,"these tests are based on scientifically invalid assumptions and we believe they can lead to potentially dangerous
He agreed with the conclusions of the paper and warned that the "myth" of pure races and ethnic groups "was exploited to the full by the Nazis."
تحياتي
[/quote]
العزيز سهيل ..
المقال يقول اشياء و يكتم اشياء , ولكن من بين السطور يمكنك فهم الاتجاه " الاخلاقي " اللذي يتبناه صاحب المقال ( لاحظ الاسطر الملونة ) .
على ان الدراسات الجينية للسلالات البشرية لازالت بكرا " اغلبها لا يتعدى العشر سنوات " لذلك فمن المين ان نرفضها لخطا ورد في احدى هذه الدراسات لانها تبحث في حقب سحيقة تمتد لعشرات الآلاف من السنين وبالطبع سيكون الكثير من طرق التشجير و الاصول والمواطن للسلالات البشرية تبتنى على الافتراضات assumptions و هذا لا يقدح في علمية الفحوص الجينية و صدقيتها بحد ذاتها. علاوة على ان المشجرات للمجموعات العرقية تتغير سنويا حيث تكتشف سلالات جديدة ويتم تغيير مسميات بعض السلالات القديمة باسماء جديدة مثل تغيير مسمى المجموعة العرقية K2 لتصبح المجموعة العرقية T و اضافة مجموعة عرقية جديدة قبلها سميت المجموعة S فاصبحت المجاميع العرقية بعد التحديث تبدا ب A و تنتهي ب T , وهذا التطوير لن يتوقف فالتحورات تكتشف كل سنة والشجرة البشرية تتسع و تتضح معالمها اكثر فاكثر.
مودتي
(تم إجراء آخر تعديل على هذه المشاركة: 08-28-2008, 11:56 PM بواسطة الحر.)
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08-28-2008, 11:55 PM |
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